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Marcin Jakubowski: Open-sourced blueprints for civilization

Fantastic and inspiring TED Talk. Let’s hope patents don’t kill this (see my Pharmaceutical “Printers” and Patents; The IP War on 3D Printing Begins). (h/t Manuel Lora)

http://www.ted.com Using wikis and digital fabrication tools, TED Fellow Marcin Jakubowski is open-sourcing the blueprints for 50 farm machines, allowing anyone to build their own tractor or harvester from scratch. And that’s only the first step in a project to write an instruction set for an entire self-sustaining village (starting cost: $10,000).

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Swiss Govt: Downloading Movies and Music Will Stay Legal

From TorrentFreak:

Swiss Govt: Downloading Movies and Music Will Stay Legal

One in three people in Switzerland download unauthorized music, movies and games from the Internet and since last year the government has been wondering what to do about it. This week their response was published and it was crystal clear. Not only will downloading for personal use stay completely legal, but the copyright holders won’t suffer because of it, since people eventually spend the money saved on entertainment products.

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Update: from PCMag: Piracy Pays for Itself, Swiss Government Says

The Swiss government has decided that it will not implement an additional legislative solution to copyright infringement, arguing that the money consumers save via piracy is spent later on other entertainment expenses.

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As noted on Marginal Revolution, in Launching the Innovation Renaissance, erstwhile quasi-Austro-libertarian fellow traveler Alex Tabarrok has a new book out in the intriguing TED Books imprint, entitled Launching the Innovation Renaissance. The description of the book says:

Patents, innovation prizes, patent buyouts and advance market commitments all have their place. The key is to match problems to institutions.

Tabarrok is presented as some radical or maverick, bravely challenging the modern horror of statism and patent. But he is not really against patents. Or copyright. For example, in an article for FEE a few years back he wrote “The argument that copyright encourages innovation is simply a pretense for protectionism,”1 as if he’s making some bold, principled claim. But then he crawfishes in the very next sentence: “Some protection for intellectual property probably does encourage innovation, as the “Tabarrok Curve” illustrates.” Bullshit. On this ridiculous “curve” nonsense, see “Tabarrok: Patent Policy on the Back of a Napkin.”

In the book he says:

Patents, innovation prizes, patent buyouts and advance market all have their place. The key is to match problems to institutions.

So patents “have their place.” The patent system should be reformed, but it has its place!2 Of course patent reform is both unrealistic, and not a solution, any more than tax reform is needed.3 The only real tax reform is to lower the rates, not to shuffle things around and move from one type of tax to another. Likewise, the most meaningful IP reform, short of abolition, is to reduce the length of the term: patents, from 17, down to a shorter amount like 5 years; copyright, from over 100 years, to, say, 10 or 20. (See my post How to Improve Patent, Copyright, and Trademark Law.)

(Update: I note that although his “Tabarrok Curve” implies we have “gone too far” and that patent and copyright terms are too long, in a recent discussion,4 implies the patent term is too low because of FDA delays and thus favors legislation such as the 1984 Hatch-Waxman Act that provide for patent term extension of up to 5 years when there is delay caused by regulatory review, e.g. from the FDA. Tabarrok also seems to think the patent term is 15 years. However, the patent term is 20 years from date of filing, not 15; and since it usually takes 2-3 years5 before it issues, most issued patents have a term of about 17 to 18 years. Does this mean Tabarrok would say that the Patent Term Extension of Hatch-Waxman “goes too far” since, after all, the 17 year patent term is already 2 years longer than Tabarrok seems to think is already too long? One doubts it. Moreover, in the same discussion Tabarrok mentions positively how the US twisted the arm of Australia in 2005 when negotiating a “free trade” agreement to expand its IP protection for pharma patents and also extended its copyright term from life of the author plus 50 years to life plus 70, to match the insane US term. Free trade agreements have nothing to do with local property rights; that is the province of bilateral investment treaties, which are usually negotiated between a developed country and a developing country. So here we have so-called IP reformer who says IP protection is too strong but he gets the term of patents wrong, and things they should be extended, and favors US IP imperialism to force other countries to extend their own copyright terms.)

As for the “prizes,” in his new ebook he highlights private prizes like the X-Prize but downplays the fact that he thinks taxpayers should fund these prizes. But this is the idea. As I have noted previously,6 Tabarrok is in favor of a taxpayer-funded “medical innovation prize fund”–starting at “$80 billion per year, and increas[ing] with the growth in GDP“. Similar proposals include those by faux free marketeers Joseph Stiglitz and Forbes.com. (Update: I’ve read more of the book now; he doesn’t downplay the taxpayer-funded aspect of the prize system he (and socialist Bernie Sanders) advocates. He is explicit about it in the book.)

Of course, medical innovations are only a small slice of the space of technologies allegedly promoted by patent law (there are electronics, lasers, chemicals, data processing, pharmaceuticals, and so on; there are over 400 classes in the PTO’s classification system, and each class is divided into numerous subclasses). So if you extend this tax funded innovation prize idea, and replace all patents for all technology areas with tax funded prizes, you’d have to advocate $2 trillion to $20 trillion a year in taxes to stimulate the “right” amount of innovation. Or maybe more. Hurrah for “free market” “solutions” to our “problems.” What the hell, let’s be “bold” and make it $100 trillion of tax funded innovation prizes per year to create a utopia on earth by 2013! Or maybe a quadrillion dollars!

Sorry, did I say “replace”? As patents have their “place,” these prizes would not even replace the patent system, but supplement it. Injury upon injury! In this, I am reminded if calls for “replacing” the current income tax with a VAT or national sales tax. Of course, in practice this amounts to a call for adding a new sales tax on top of the current income tax, since the state will never give up the latter.3 Likewise, Tabarrok’s call for a taxpayer funded prize system would not result in this replacing the patent system, but being added on top of it, making things even worse. [continue reading…]

  1. Copyrights Protect the Dead, Not the Innovators,” FEE.org (Aug. 5, 2016).  []
  2. This reminds me of Reason’s Tim Lee, who wrote: “I can’t agree with Baker that all copyright and patent monopolies are illegitimate. Copyright and patent protections have existed since the beginning of the republic, and if properly calibrated they can (as the founders put it) promote the progress of science and the useful arts. Like any government intervention in the economy, they need to be carefully constrained. But if they are so limited, they can be a positive force in the American economy.” Reason‘s Tim Lee on Two Decades of Attempts to Enforce Copyright. []
  3. See Tyler Cowen on the VAT; Say No To Tax Reform. [] []
  4. See Murphy and Tabarrok, Why Are US Drug Prices So High?; Tabarrok and Murphy: Why Are US Drug Prices So High?—forthcoming. []
  5. See USPTO, Patents Pendency Data April 2025. []
  6. See What’s Worse: $80 Billion or $30 Million?; Libertarian Favors $80 Billion Annual Tax-Funded “Medical Innovation Prize Fund”; $30 Billion Taxfunded Innovation Contracts: The “Progressive-Libertarian” Solution. []
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Colbert Takes On SOPA

From Masnick at Techdirt: this is great: Colbert Takes On SOPA.

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Copyright Corruption Scandal Surrounds Anti-Piracy Campaign

From Torrent Freak: Copyright Corruption Scandal Surrounds Anti-Piracy Campaign

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Holder: Become a Copyright Snitch

From Wired, a way for state- and IP-loving Objectivists to make some extra cash, or at least feel more patriotic: Holder Asks America to Remain ‘Vigilant,’ Report Intellectual-Property Crime.

h/t Alan Chapman

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Feds produce over-the-top anti-piracy films

More Intellectual Properganda: Feds produce over-the-top anti-piracy films.

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Patent and copyright apologists often get indignant when you describe the patent and copyright monopolies that they advocate as monopolies.  For example here, patent lawyer and patent shill Dale Halling posts about “The Myth that Patents are a Monopoly” and writes, “People who suggest a patent is a monopoly are not being intellectually honest and perpetuating a myth to advance a political agenda.”

But obviously patent and copyright are monopoly privileges, as I amply demonstrate in Are Patents “Monopolies”?

I just came across something interesting in this regard. In Thomas Jefferson’s Letter to James Madison, August 28, 1789 (On the liberty to write, speak, and publish and its limits), he proposes to James Madison, then in the process of drafting the Bill of Rights, that the following be incorporated into the Bill of Rights:

Art. 9. Monopolies may be allowed to persons for their own productions in literature and their own inventions in the arts for a term not exceeding — years but for no longer term and no other purpose.

This was written just shortly before the Constitution itself was to be ratified. It appears to be aimed at adding a limit on how many years Congress could grant patent and copyright monopolies for. The copyright and patent clause in the then-pending Constitution had no outside limit on how long the patent and copyright monopoly grants could be, providing: “To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.” Jefferson apparently wanted the “limited time” to be capped at some maximum number of years (probably 14 or 21 years or so, you know, because 14 years, the term of two consecutive 7 year apprenticeships, is so objective and deduced straight from natural law). If he had got his way, (a) it would be clearer to everyone that patent and copyright are monopolies, and (b) Big Media and Mickey Mouse would not have been able to extend the copyright term to its current 100+ years.

I’m reminded of a similar situation I’ve noted elsewhere that, during debate on the sixteenth amendment (income tax), a 10% cap was considered, but rejected for fear Congress might actually tax at such a high rate, and “because people thought the idea that the tax might ever rise that high too absurd to address”! If only we had had a 10% income tax cap and a 21 year patent and copyright cap!

[TLS]

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Not Being Evil? Google patents Google Doodles

This image is patented by Google, not being evil

I was reading about the cool Mark Twain Google doodle here and was surprised to find that Google had actually managed to obtain a patent related to the idea of using homepage doodles. The inventor is Google’s co-founder Sergey Brin; the patent application was filed back in April 2001 but not granted as a patent until March 2011. The patent’s title is “Systems and methods for enticing users to access a web site” (PTO version; Google version with PDF). The abstract and claim 1 are below:

Abstract: A system provides a periodically changing story line and/or a special event company logo to entice users to access a web page. For the story line, the system may receive objects that tell a story according to the story line and successively provide the objects on the web page for predetermined or random amounts of time. For the special event company logo, the system may modify a standard company logo for a special event to create a special event logo, associate one or more search terms with the special event logo, and upload the special event logo to the web page. The system may then receive a user selection of the special event logo and provide search results relating to the special event.

Claim 1. A non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method for attracting users to a web page, comprising: instructions for creating a special event logo by modifying a standard company logo for a special event, where the instructions for creating the special event logo includes instructions for modifying the standard company logo with one or more animated images; instructions for associating a link or search results with the special event logo, the link identifying a document relating to the special event, the search results relating to the special event; instructions for uploading the special event logo to the web page; instructions for receiving a user selection of the special event logo; and instructions for providing the document relating to the special event or the search results relating to the special event based on the user selection.

This got me curious as to what other patents Brin might have obtained. Here they are (sigh):

1 8,037,065 Full-Text Information extraction from a database
2 8,024,326 Full-Text Methods and systems for improving a search ranking using related queries
3 8,009,141 Full-Text Seeing with your hand
4 7,912,915 Full-Text Systems and methods for enticing users to access a web site
5 7,650,330 Full-Text Information extraction from a database
6 7,505,964 Full-Text Methods and systems for improving a search ranking using related queries
7 7,366,668 Full-Text Voice interface for a search engine
8 7,136,854 Full-Text Methods and apparatus for providing search results in response to an ambiguous search query
9 7,027,987 Full-Text Voice interface for a search engine
10 6,865,575 Full-Text Methods and apparatus for using a modified index to provide search results in response to an ambiguous search query
11 6,678,681 Full-Text Information extraction from a database
12 6,529,903 Full-Text Methods and apparatus for using a modified index to provide search results in response to an ambiguous search query
13 6,185,559 Full-Text Method and apparatus for dynamically counting large itemsets

Another search reveals 925 patents owned by Google (the thousands of patents acquired from Motorola Mobility are evidently not yet assigned to Google in the PTO database so don’t show up here), plus a bunch of pending patent applications.

You can’t really blame Google for playing the patent game and trying to build up a defensive patent portfolio.1 Still, asserting this patent against innocent companies would surely violate the company mottoDon’t be evil“.

[TLS]

  1. See, e.g., Google’s Defensive Patent Acquisition; State robs Google of 1760 defensive patents; The Patent Defense League and Defensive Patent Pooling; A Patent “Don’t Be Evil” Policy; and related posts. []
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Czech Mate on Intellectual Property

My monograph Against Intellectual Property, already translated into six other languages,1 is coming out in Czech (English version), by Mises.cz. Apparently the book will officially be launched at their Christmas libertarian meeting (hey, why don’t we have those over in America? sounds cool). Only libertarians could plan to celebrate a book about intellectual property at a Christmas party. Gotta love ’em.

Anyhoo, now my stuff is in 11 languages other than English. Kinda cool for a boy from Galvez, Louisiana. Actually, I visited Praha (Prague) while doing the backpacking thing in law school in 1990 or so, and my brother lived there for several years–once when I visited him in 1999, I was invited to give a speech (on Crime, Punishment and Restitution) at the Liberální institut by Josef Šíma, now of the Prague University of Economics and now also on the Editorial Board of my journal Libertarian Papers. So it’s nice to have my monograph coming out in Czech.

[TLS]

  1. Georgian, German, Italian, Polish, Portugese, Spanish. []
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From Engadget:

British Library digitizes 300 years worth of newspaper archives, brings 65 million articles online

By posted Nov 30th 2011 8:41AM

Britain’s historical news junkies are in for a treat today, because the British Library has just digitized a major chunk of its newspaper archive, comprised of four million pages spanning some 300 years of headlines. With today’s launch of the British Newspaper Archive, users can search and browse through a staggering 65 million articles from a range of regional UK papers, encompassing the most newsworthy events from the past few centuries. Developed in coordination with online publisher Brightsolid, the archive also allows for remote article access and download, saving researchers a trip to the British Library’s newspaper depository in North London.

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h/t Manuel Lora

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Nevada Judge orders Google, Facebook to be trademark police

From an ars technica article, US judge orders hundreds of sites “de-indexed” from Google, Facebook, another example of censorship, theft of domain names, and creeping interference with Internet freedom, all in the name of trademark and stopping “counterfeit goods”:1

After a series of one-sided hearings, luxury goods maker Chanel has won recent court orders against hundreds of websites trafficking in counterfeit luxury goods. A federal judge in Nevada has agreed that Chanel can seize the domain names in question and transfer them all to US-based registrar GoDaddy. The judge also ordered “all Internet search engines” and “all social media websites”—explicitly naming Facebook, Twitter, Google+, Bing, Yahoo, and Google—to “de-index” the domain names and to remove them from any search results.

The case has been a remarkable one. Concerned about counterfeiting, Chanel has filed a joint suit in Nevada against nearly 700 domain names that appear to have nothing in common. When Chanel finds more names, it simply uses the same case and files new requests for more seizures. (A recent November 14 order went after an additional 228 sites; none had a chance to contest the request until after it was approved and the names had been seized.)

(h/t Briggs Armstrong)

  1. I use the term “creeping interference” here to refer to incremental restrictions that over time have a large cumulative regulatory effect. This is similar to the notion of “creeping expropriation” used in the international law context. I discuss this in my book International Investment, Political Risk, and Dispute Resolution: A Practitioner’s Guide (Oxford University Press, 2005), at chapter 5.B.3:

    … the greater contemporary risk to foreign investors is government interference that does not formally transfer title away from the investor, but damages or destroys his ability to control or benefit from the investment he has made. Government measures that eliminate substantially all of an investment’s value may constitute regulatory expropriation, including creeping or indirect expropriation—where a series of State acts accumulates to deprive an investment of its value.47 Such State actions can deprive the investor of the productive use and benefit of its assets, making ownership practically worthless, even though the investor may retain formal attributes of ownership.48 In the Starrett decision, the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal explained that “Measures taken by a state can interfere with property rights to such an extent that these rights are rendered so useless that they must be deemed to have been expropriated, even though the state does not purport to have expropriated them and the legal title to the property formally remains with the original owner.”49

    Some define “creeping expropriation” as government measures that impose incremental restrictions and controls (such as excessive or repetitive regulatory measures) to make it difficult for the investor to continue in business at the profit level that justified the project in the first place.50 Such government measures may lead to the sale or abandonment of the project to the government or to local private investors,51 but the government may obtain no obvious direct benefit. Although each measure in isolation may not be enough to damage the investor’s rights in any fundamental way, the cumulative effect of the measures can nevertheless be confiscatory, depriving the investor of control or a substantial portion of the benefits of his enterprise.52

    47. While the phrase “de facto expropriation” is perhaps a better description than “creeping expropriation” or “indirect expropriation” (Robert B. Shanks, Insuring Investment and Loans Against Currency Inconvertibility, Expropriation, and Political Violence, 9 HASTINGS INT’L & COMP. L. REV. 417, 424 (1986) ), the latter terms have received widespread acceptance and will be used more frequently in this book. “Creeping expropriation” stresses that the State has taken a series of measures with a cumulative expropriatory effect, while “indirect” emphasizes the fact that the investor’s formal or nominal title to the asset was not actually affected. In practice, much de facto expropriation is both “creeping” and “indirect.” On regulatory expropriation generally, see Jack Coe, Jr & Noah Rubins, Regulatory Expropriation and the Tecmed Case: Context and Contributions, INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW AND ARBITRATION 597 (Todd Weiler, ed. 2005); Sean D. Murphy, Contemporary Practice of the United States relating to International Law, 95 A.J.I.L. 873, 881-885 (2001); UNCTAD, Taking of Property, supra note 31, at 11-12. See also Methanex Corp. v. United States, Final Award on Jurisdiction and Merits of Aug. 3, 2005 (NAFTAChapter 11), available at www.state.gov/documents/organization/51052.pdf, at Part IV–Chapter D, paras. 6-7 (non-discriminatory regulations for a public purpose, such as environmental laws, not considered expropriation).

    []

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This story, Pay Attention: The Great American Adderall Drought: A widespread shortage of the popular ADD pill is distracting a nation of Adderall users. Naturally, it’s all about Big Pharma profits, from The Fix, has it all: drug war leading to rise of adderall, patents being used to create shortages, DEA quotas creating shortages, desperate users scouring pharmacies and bribing pharmacists hundreds of dollars a bottle, Obama issuing executive order to FDA.

(h/t Briggs Armstrong)

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  • See also other posts and articles on the impossibility of “owning ideas.

[See Benjamin Tucker and the Great Nineteenth Century IP Debates in Liberty Magazine: “The Libertarian Labyrinth provides links to PDF files of all issues: Benjamin R. Tucker’s “Liberty” (1881-1908). I provide below links to the IP-related issues. I have also compiled these issues into a single file (pdf).”]

The question of what can be the proper subject of ownership — what is property? — is an important theme of libertarianism. It arises in discussion of such diverse topics as slavery, pollution, animal rights and intellectual property. It is with intellectual property (by which is commonly meant, copyright and patent) that the question becomes unusually difficult, for what is being claimed is the ownership of intangibles, of ideas. The title of a recent book, Who Owns What Is In Your Mind?, concretizes a commonsense objection to intellectual property; most people would loudly declare: “no one owns what is in my mind!” Yet, if the information you have is a chemical formula which you accidentally glimpsed, do you have the right to market it as your own over the protests of the chemist who worked a lifetime to perfect it? Do you have the right to publish a book with characters named John Galt and Dagney Taggart? And if not, why not?

Intellectual property was the subject of intensive and unsurpassed debate within the pages of Benjamin Tucker’s libertarian periodical Liberty (1881-1908). Because of this, the best presentation of this question is an overview of the debate. The citations which appear directly after the questions refer to the appropriate issue and page of Liberty.

Intellectual Property and Natural Rights

Although it is usually contended that the intellectual property debate was over the ownership of ideas, this is not quite accurate. James Walker — who wrote under the pseudonym of Tak Kak — was a leading opponent of copyright and patent; he stated: “My thoughts are my property as the air in my lungs is my property …” (March 21, 1891, 4) Both sides of the debate agreed that each man owns his own thoughts which he is free to express or not, as he pleases. Nor did the debate center around an individual’s right to use and dispose of his property, of his own ideas. On this, Walker wrote: “If any person wishes to live by imparting his ideas in exchange for labor, I have nothing to say against his doing so and getting cooperative protection without invading the persons and property of myself and my allies … whatever he can do by contract, cooperation, and boycotting … let him do at his pleasure.” (March 21, 1891, 4)

So long as the monopoly of ideas was contractual, the opponents of intellectual property were content.

The point of contention was the claim that intellectual property was based on natural rights and, therefore, [continue reading…]

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